CausAI Lab

Causal Artificial Intelligence (CausAI Lab)

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660 South Euclid Ave

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St. Louis, MO 63110

Dr. Linying Zhang is an Assistant Professor of Biostatistics at the Institute for Informatics, Data Science and Biostatistics at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis. She leads the CausAI Lab, which advances methods at the intersection of causality and machine learning/artificial intelligence (ML/AI) to enhance the explainability, generalizability, and fairness of models trained on electronic health records (EHRs), with applications in real-world evidence generation and clinical risk prediction.

Lab mission

ML/AI has the potential to revolutionize healthcare if developed and deployed thoughtfully. In healthcare, AI models are frequently trained on real-world data (RWD), which are inherently imperfect – frequently missing not at random, irregularly sampled, subject to measurement error, and reflective of existing health disparities. To realize AI’s promise, it is essential to design methodologies that correct these biases and limitations.

The CausAI Lab is dedicated to tackling these challenges by integrating causality with machine learning/AI to produce reliable real-world evidence and build equitable clinical AI models that benefit all patient populations.

Join us

Post-doc Fellows We are looking for one postdoctoral fellow to work on causal AI for health care.

PhD Students We are looking for 1-2 PhD students starting Fall 2026. Please apply directly to the Biomedical Informatics and Data Science (BIDS) PhD program at Washington University School of Medicine. In your PhD application, please explicitly mention your interest in working with Professor Linying Zhang. Existing BIDS and Computational & Systems Biology (CSB) PhD students interested in rotating through the lab should email Dr. Zhang directly.

Undergraduates or Master’s Students Undergraduates and Master’s students looking for research opportunities are encouraged to apply through the BIDS@I2 Summer Research Internship. We are looking for students who have taken at least one machine learning course and received a good grade. For masters students, we typically expect students to have taken a graduate-level machine learning course and a graduate-level probability or statistical inference course, or have had significant related research experience. WashU students interested in research assistantship should email Dr. Zhang directly.

News

Aug 26, 2025 Our preprint on adjusting for informative censoring in real-world evidence studies with EHRs is available on medRxiv!
Aug 21, 2025 Our abstract titled “Causal Inference with Multi-Modal Foundation Models” was accepted as Spotlight Talk at OHDSI Global Symposium 2025!
Jun 11, 2025 Our abstract titled “Multimodal Foundation Models for Robust Treatment Effect Estimation in Real-World Data” was accepted at CVPR 2025 Multimodal Foundation Models for Biomedicine Workshop!
Jun 6, 2025 Our abstract titled “Integrating Census Data with Electronic Health Records to Assess the Impact of Social Determinants of Health on Opioid Use Disorder” was accepted to AMIA Annual Symposium 2025!
Feb 20, 2025 Our semaglutide–NAION study of 37M T2DM patients across 14 federated databases was accepted to JAMA Ophthalmology!

Selected publications

  1. sim.png
    Assessing Covariate Balance With Small Sample Sizes
    George Hripcsak, Linying Zhang, Yong Chen, Kelly Li, Marc A. Suchard, Patrick B. Ryan, and Martijn J. Schuemie
    Statistics in Medicine, 2025
  2. luo2025integrating.png
    Integrating Census Data with Electronic Health Records to Assess the Impact of Social Determinants of Health on Opioid Use Disorder
    Zhen Luo, Ruochong Fan, Wenyu Song, Adam Wilcox, and Linying Zhang
    Jun 2025
  3. chen2025when.png
    When Does IPCW Help? Simulation and Real-World Evidence on Censoring Adjustment in Survival Analysis
    Hsin Yi Chen, Tara V. Anand, Linying Zhang, and George Hripcsak
    Aug 2025
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    Semaglutide and Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
    Cindy X. Cai, Michelle Hribar, Sally Baxter, Kerry Goetz, Swarup S. Swaminathan, Alexis Flowers, Eric N. Brown, Brian Toy, Benjamin Xu, John Chen, and 48 more authors
    JAMA Ophthalmology, Apr 2025
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    Similar Risk of Kidney Failure among Patients with Blinding Diseases Who Receive Ranibizumab, Aflibercept, and Bevacizumab: An OHDSI Network Study
    Cindy X. Cai, Akihiko Nishimura, Mary G. Bowring, Erik Westlund, Diep Tran, Jia H. Ng, Paul Nagy, Michael Cook, Jody-Ann McLeggon, Scott L. DuVall, and 27 more authors
    Ophthalmology Retina, Apr 2024
  6. pang2024cehrgpt.png
    CEHR-GPT: Generating Electronic Health Records with Chronological Patient Timelines
    Chao Pang, Xinzhuo Jiang, Nishanth Parameshwar Pavinkurve, Krishna S. Kalluri, Elise L. Minto, Jason Patterson, Linying Zhang, George Hripcsak, Noémie Elhadad, and Karthik Natarajan
    Feb 2024
  7. zhang2024evaluating.png
    Evaluating and Improving the Performance and Racial Fairness of Algorithms for GFR Estimation
    Linying Zhang, Lauren R. Richter, Tevin Kim, and George Hripcsak
    Jan 2024
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    The Medical Deconfounder: Assessing Treatment Effects with Electronic Health Records
    Linying Zhang, Yixin Wang, Anna Ostropolets, Jami J. Mulgrave, David M. Blei, and George Hripcsak
    In Proceedings of the 4th Machine Learning for Healthcare Conference, Jan 2019
  9. zhang2022adjusting.png
    Adjusting for Indirectly Measured Confounding Using Large-Scale Propensity Score
    Linying Zhang, Yixin Wang, Martijn J. Schuemie, David M. Blei, and George Hripcsak
    Journal of Biomedical Informatics, Jan 2022
  10. zhang2024causal.png
    Causal Fairness Assessment of Treatment Allocation with Electronic Health Records
    Linying Zhang, Lauren R. Richter, Yixin Wang, Anna Ostropolets, Noemie Elhadad, David M. Blei, and George Hripcsak
    Jan 2024